Aristotle Virtuous Character Analysis - 1284 Words

Aristotle, a Greek philosopher, believes that one acquires virtue by exercising moral habituation. Aristotle’s theory of a virtuous character is developed by aligning with the Doctrine of the Mean. The philosopher developed the Doctrine of the Mean in Book II of Nicomachean Ethics to serve the purpose of conveying Aristotle’s concept on virtue ethics. A virtuous character can be considered as a person who acts in the right manner through habit and practice rather than reasoning. Aristotle writes, â€Å"Virtue, then, is a state involving rational choice, consisting in a mean relative to us and determined by reason - the reason, that is, by reference to which the practically wise person would determine it† (Aristotle, 30). Aristotle’s†¦show more content†¦He is stating that virtue is not just a state but more of an exceptional state of character. He claims that the state of character arises from the reiteration of similar activities. In this case, r epetition of moral acts will cause one to be more virtuous. Out of the three things that we find in our soul, virtue can only be found in our states of character. When acting along the Doctrine of the Mean, you need to find a balance between the two extremes, vice of deficiency and vice of excess. The mean is not necessarily straight in the middle of the spectrum. It all depends on the situation and the person themselves. Each individual has their own particular spectrum where they categorize each virtue on various locations between too little and too much. Knowing that it’s based on our excellent state of character, our virtue arises from acts that are deemed moral and that contributes to our character, which proves Aristotle’s argument of a virtuous character is born by acting accordingly to the Doctrine of the Mean. A virtuous character is not something that can be created naturally or inherited. Our surroundings and our actions is what contributes to who we are. A virtuous character is created when a person repeatedly commits moral acts. We can infer that a non-virtuous character is a person who repeatedly commits non-moral acts. A case that recently went viral is the Cyntoia Brown case. At theShow MoreRelatedMoral Reasoning And Ethical Decision Making1144 Words   |  5 Pagesacts. One of these theories is the virtue ethics, which is used to determine whether an act is virtuous or vicious. David Hume and Aristotle were among the first philosophers to use virtue ethics to differentiate between virtues and vices. According to Hume, an act is virtuous if it represents what a virtuous person would characteristically do in the same circumstances. Basically, it means that a virtuous act must be approved by every person who considers it in the light of social flourishing. On theRead MorePositve Psyc hology and Aristotles Virtue Ethics Converge Essay1569 Words   |  7 PagesPositive psychology and Aristotle: A convergence of ideas The field of positive psychology, founded by Martin Seligman (1998), seeks to influence individuals whose lives are â€Å"neutral† and increase their psychological well-being. Positive psychology offers a unique perspective on mental health through focusing on individual strengths rather than dysfunction, pathology, and mental illness (Seligman Csikszentmihalyi, 2000). The goal of positive psychology is to assist individuals in creating meaningfulRead MorePhilosophy: Beauty is not Morality 1395 Words   |  6 Pagesand continues up to today with cosmetic surgeries such as liposuction. On every billboard, magazine, and commercial citizens are reminded that they are not as physically attractive as they could be and there is a solutions to their problem. In his analysis of beauty, Kant states that beauty is morality. Despite the fact physical beauty is highly valued in society, it is not the driving factor when it comes to determining morality and making ethical judgments. T o support this, I will be introducingRead MoreThe Ethics Of Virtue Ethics925 Words   |  4 PagesVirtue ethics is a normative theory whose foundations were laid by Aristotle. This theory approaches normative ethics in substantially different ways than consequentialist and deontological theories. In this essay, I will contrast and compare virtue ethics to utilitarianism, ethical egoism, and Kantianism to demonstrate these differences. There is one fundamental aspect of virtue ethics that sets it apart from the other theories I will discuss. For the sake of brevity and to avoid redundancy, I willRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Nicomachean Ethics 1749 Words   |  7 Pageshave published book after book with unique and contradictive answers. In 350 B.C.E, a man named, Aristotle approached this question with his book, Nicomachean Ethics. In roughly under 200 pages, Aristotle lays out his way of living a full life through virtuous actions. He explains early in his book that ethics canno t be measured in the typical ways. â€Å"Hence there is no single science of the good†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Aristotle, 5). Even though measuring the balance of a mean is not a simple feat, it is not too impreciseRead MoreMoral Virtues Between Aristotle And St. Thomas Aquinas1147 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay will succinctly express and correlate the theories of moral virtues between Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas, analysing and assessing how their beliefs have influenced European culture. Aristotle (384-322BCE) was an ancient Greek Philosopher who was a polymath and productive writer. Despite the fact that it can’t be positive it is commonly accepted the Nichomachean Ethics (NE) are his own works (IEP, 2005), and it is in Book Tow that the topic of virtue and moral values is one of severalRead MoreThe Aristotle And Immanuel Kant1655 Words   |  7 Pages The philosophers Aristotle and Immanuel Kant express the sources of virtuous and dutiful actions in a similar, yet different way. Both philosophers agree that an action has moral worth, when it is preformed for its own sake. However, the difference contains a more significant meaning. Aristotle believes that pleasure can be included when preforming an action; while Kant believes that a duty is preforming the right action without the need of inclinations. In this paper, I will present a similarityRead MoreAristotle on Happiness and Virtue Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pagessociety?’(Bessant, 2009). Similar questions were greatly discussed in the history by our ancestors in their philosophical discussions. The most ancient and long-lasting literature on moral principles and ethics were described by Greek philosopher Aristotle. He had an excellent command on various subjects ranging from sciences to mathematics and philosophy. He was also a student of a famous philosopher. His most important study on ethics, personal morality and virtues is ‘The Nicomachean Ethics’, whichRead MoreAristotle s Philosophy On Moral Virtue1274 Words   |  6 PagesIn Book II of the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle discusses the idea of moral virtue. Aristotle emphasized the importance of developing moral virtue as the way to achieve what is finally more important, human flourishing (eudaimonia). Aristotle makes the argument in Book II that mo ral virtue arises from habit—equating ethical character to a skill that is acquired through practice, such as learning a musical instrument. However in Book III, Aristotle argues that a person s moral virtue is voluntaryRead MoreArgument Analysis Of Aristotles Happiness As An Essential Purpose Of Human Life1219 Words   |  5 PagesBrooke Thell Second Argument Analysis More than anybody else, Aristotle treasures happiness as an essential purpose of human life and a goal in itself. Aristotle was convinced that a sincerely happy life required the fulfillment of an extensive range of conditions, including physical and mental well-being. Essentially, Aristotle argues that virtue is achieved by maintaining the mean. For Aristotle the mean was a method of achieving virtue. What is the ultimate purpose of human existence? What is

Impact Of Franklin Roosevelt s New Deal - 1301 Words

In this essay, I will look at the impact Franklin Roosevelt’s â€Å"New Deal† had on the role of the federal government in the United States of America. I will do this by first looking at how the ferderal system was initally set up and contrasting that to how it was after the New Deal or Deals were passed. What powers that granted and in what areas, how this effected federal government’s role on a local level, the implications of such changes as well as some of the controvercies and issues that arose from these changes. The Roosevelt family have had a resounding impact on American Politics, Franklin’s wife Elenor (neice of Theodore Roosevelt) is often cited as one of the worlds most influential human rights activists and diplomats. President Harry Truman refered to her as â€Å"the First Lady of the World† However, it is husband Franklin who made the oval office his own and won an unprecedented four terms. Franklin Roosevelt won his first term in 1932 and was inagurated in 1933, the height of the great depression. Roosevelt’s main campaign promise was for a new deal for the American people, he won the election by an impressive 7,068,817 votes and 413 electoral collage votes against sitting President Herbert Hoover. The biggest loss by an incumbant at the time and was only surpassed by Regan in 1980. Roosevelt’s now mush esteemed first inaugration speech layed out plans to tackle the depression. â€Å"First of all, let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we ha ve to fear isShow MoreRelatedFranklin D. Roosevelt s Impact On The New Deal939 Words   |  4 Pages3.)Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected into office in 1932 and promised a new deal for Americans. From a social welfare perspective he was viewed as the best president because he advanced social welfare policies. Initial proposals were timid at this time and focused on balancing budgets, similar to prior thinking. Once Roosevelt was elected into office, the activism of those suffering helped push this period in a more progressive era. In 1933 Roosevelt initiated a variety of programs and policies duringRead MorePresident Lincoln And George Washington846 Words   |  4 Pagesnation s leaders. Franklin Delano Roosevelt had a difficult life that gave him the opportunity to see from the eyes of others who struggled, and use that to help them. Franklin Roosevelt grew up in luxury among millionaires of New York. He was born on January 30,1882 into a life of wealth and privilege on their 600 acre estate in Hyde Park, New York (â€Å"Franklin Delano Roosevelt†). His father was a Wall Street lawyer and his mother was a â€Å"society mom† who inherited money from her father (Judith S. BaughmanRead MorePearl Harbor : A Gateway Of Strength For Our Nation1381 Words   |  6 PagesHarbor: A Gateway to Strength for Our Nation History has recorded the majority of the speeches given by an influential American figure to impact the course of history itself. Whether it is a tragedy or an event to celebrate, the speeches given are a passage to a change in history for better or worse. In the â€Å"Pearl Harbor Address,† Franklin D. Roosevelt used parallel structure, rhetorical appeals, and diction to portray his strong opposing sentiments toward the catastrophic acts that occurredRead MoreFranklin Roosevelts New Deal1672 Words   |  7 PagesAmericans and their families sit together in their living rooms as they turn the knob on their radios. The words â€Å"Good evening, my friends†¦Ã¢â‚¬  echo audibly over the static and ambient noise, and the President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt informs the nation of his New Deal and planned solutions to the problems of post-Depression America. He speaks warmly and directly, addressing the American people â€Å"you† and himself â€Å"I†. Many people— unemployed or working, poor or wealthy, supporter or criticRead MoreThe New Deal1023 Words   |  5 Pages The presidential election of Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1932 had risen the nation’s hope of economic restoration. Over three years of unrelenting hardship had taken damage on the American psyche. Roosevelt’s landslide electoral victory ov er former president Herbert Hoover, signaled a thorough rejection of the existing state of affairs and a desire for a new approach on â€Å"fixing the national economic crisis† (Hurley). The new president would not let down the nation. During his first two terms inRead MoreFranklin D. Roosevelt s President Of The United States1221 Words   |  5 PagesFranklin D. Roosevelt was the thirty-second president of the United States. He was also the first and last president to serve four terms. Next, to Abraham Lincoln’s presidency, FDR’s presidency was one of the most challenging presidencies in the history of the United States. Throughout his presidency, he faced extremely hard tasks and while facing them he had promised the people prompt, vigorous action, and he was assertive with his Inaugural Address. In 1929, the longest economic downturn in AmericanRead MoreEleanor Roosevelt : Long Range Goal1005 Words   |  5 PagesAnna Eleanor Roosevelt Isra El-khateeb Long-Range Goal: To inform listeners about the legacy and inspirational status Eleanor Roosevelt left behind. Immediate Purpose: To entertain and inspire my audience by honoring the roles Eleanor Roosevelt played and describing the impact she has on our daily life. INTRODUCTION I. Arouse Audience Interest in the Topic A. It is difficult in a sense to capture the greatness of Eleanor’s life in simple terms through her background, but we will surely uncoverRead MoreFranklin D. Roosevelt And The Great Depression1337 Words   |  6 Pagescontributes to new knowledge, resources and innovations for a society. Periods of turmoil often give rise to an individual of power, who provides citizens with a sense of hope and security. The United States went through a severe period of chaos when the economy collapsed, compelling an abundant amount of individuals into poverty. This period during the early 1930’s is known as the Great Depression. Throughout this period, millions of citizens placed their hope and security in the election of Franklin D. RooseveltRead MoreThe Importance Of The Little White House933 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1921 at the age of thirty-nine years old Franklin Delano Roosevelt contracted polio after he swam in the water at a Boy Scout Camp. Shortly afterwards, George Foster Peabody told the New York Governor Roosevelt a story about a young polio victim who was cured by swimming in the year round 88 degree Fahrenheit water at Warm Springs, Georgia (Minchew, 2003). President Roosevelt visited Warm Springs forty-one times, first arriving in 1924, and he continued to visit at least once a year during hisRead MoreEleanor Roosevelt : An Effective Leader1067 Words   |  5 Pages Eleanor Roosevelt Casey Gaines Concordia University Eleanor Roosevelt â€Å"Success must include two things: the development of an individual to his utmost potentiality and a contribution of some kind to one s world† (Roosevelt, p 119, 1960). Eleanor Roosevelt was born in New York City October 11th, 1884 (Burns, 2012). Having grown up in a family considered to be in the top of society, Eleanor could have focused her life on parties and social gatherings. However, Eleanor came to

Strategic Human Resource Management Subsidiary in Australia - Free Sa

Question: Describe about the Strategic Human Resource Management for Subsidiary in Australia. Answer: Introduction The case study is related to the problems faced by Chumhum at their subsidiary in Australia. The organizational culture of the company is very updated. It contains excellent innovative features that will help the employees of the company motivated. However, the people in Australia are not finding any interest in the organizational culture followed in the company. There are problems faced by the company in terms of employee retention and benefits. The analysis of the case study describes about different sets of problems faced by the company in its Australian operations. Recommendations are also provided to the company in terms of retention of employees. 1. Chumhum is a company that is expanding its branches through many countries of the world. However, in its Australian subsidiary, the problem of organizational culture mainly prevalent in office. The company is focusing on implementation of different innovative features of organizational culture. The problems that are faced by companies are categorized into different sectors such as training, staffing and recruitment, organizational culture, retention, employee benefits, etc. the corporate culture of Chumhum is very enthusiastic to keep employees of their Australian branch motivated. However, the initiatives taken by the company becomes futile (Malik Naeem 2013). The company has taken the initiative in the application of innovative features such as gym, free lunch, organic breakfasts, nap pods, swimming pool, etc. Apart from this, the company has also started its own social networking site to increase communication among the employees of the corporate people. Australian employees d o not accept the analytical activities that are initiated by the company. They feel frustrated about the different features of employee management. For instance, Yammer is a social new social networking site that is developed by the company for engagement of employees not only in Australia but also in other branches present in other countries of the world. The management of the company has faced that the employees are not taking any initiative to use the new social media application. It occurs to the changed mindset of Australian employees. The culture and the initiatives that are proven to provide best motivational factors for employees are not fruitful in the country (Gimenez-Espin et al. 2013). The analytical activities are not encouraging the employees to perform better in the organization. Behavioral scientists are appointed by Chumhum to determine the behavioral attributes of the Australian employees in the branch. The analytical team is also not able to cooperate with the Aus tralian employees for the increase in the productivity. They received complaints and formal emails and letters regarding the negative impacts of the team. The theories of organizational culture, training and development, change management, motivation, etc. are related to the problems faced by Chumhum in Australia. Denison, Chatman, OReilly and Cadwell have developed a model of organizational culture. It is known as organizational culture profile (OCP). It is a self-reporting tool that helps in making distinction through its eight categories such as team orientation, outcome orientation, supportiveness, innovation, attention to detail, aggressiveness, stability and respect for people. The OCP model is used in measuring the effect of organizational culture on organizational performance (OReilly et al. 2014). It also measures the popular and most efficient people who are responsible for most of the productivity of the company. Using this model of organizational culture, Chumhum will be able to suit the culture of the organization according t o the nature of the employees. However, in many cases, the values of the employees are calculated against the values organization in order to predict the turnover and the staying intention. An instrument is used for doing this measurement which is similar to the tool of OCP (Shields et al. 2015). The theory of training and development is required in this perspective because the employees are not used to the organizational culture of the company. There are many processes of providing training and development. Learning is a part of providing training to employees. Prior to providing training, employees should be allowed to learn new things and useful information about the organizational culture, ethics, rules, regulations, etc. One of the theories of training is cognitive learning (Alvesson 2012). Cognitive learning process includes individuals to learn and gather information by internalizing the facts and knowledge regarding the topic. The term cognition is related to internal attributes of a person such as mental abstractions. In this way, the learners will be able to utilize their internal capabilities in their field of work. Apart from these theories, Hertzbergs two-factor theory of motivation is related to the problems faced by Chumhum in their business operations in Australian branch. Frederick Herzberg in his theory has emphasized on the satisfaction of the employees of an enterprise. The two factors describe the causes of satisfaction and dissatisfaction of the workers in the corporation. The theory of Herzberg labelled the factors that are associated with the causes of job dissatisfaction of the employees. The hygiene factors determine the factors of indicating the analogy of preventive maintenance (Herzberg 2013). The factor that determines the job satisfaction of the employees of Chumhum in the Australian subsidiary is motivation. It will suggest the effectiveness of the workers in portraying the behavior of individuals in the workplace. The theory of Hertzberg is related to the theory of Maslows theory of motivation. The above theories of human resource management explain about the problems faced by the company. Motivation is a part of employee development. However, the Australian employees somehow do not match with the culture followed by Chumhum. It is found that the employees remains frustrated and are not focused on the work. The systems, policies of the workplace do not match the expectation level of the workers (Ahammad et al. 2016). It is assumed that the employees may want something different that is not emphasized by the strategic management department of the company. The implication of the theory in the organizational level will help the company to detect the core problems in terms of employee relations and formulate policies according to them. Chumhum after implication of the theoretical frameworks may have better-working environment for the Australian employees (Bode et al. 2015). 2. It is seen that the Australian employees are not satisfied with the initiatives taken by the company on behalf of the employees. Despite having an innovative culture in Chumhum Australian subsidiary, the company is witnessing many issues of human resource development. The issues are related to employee retention, employee relations, policies, organizational culture, etc. The most vital aspect of the company is that employees are resigning at a first pace. Somehow the employees are dissatisfied with the organizational culture. To solve these issues, the company has to follow some steps that are described below (Dau-Schmidt et al. 2016). The first and foremost thing that the senior management and the human resource department have to do is maintaining a clear and precise communication between the employees. It is the responsibility of the company to formulate policies on behalf of the employees. For doing this, the consent of the workers is very necessary. The team leaders of variou s departments have to communicate with their team members regarding their consent regarding various aspects of company policies and initiatives (Tangthong et al. 2014). On doing this, the senior managers along with the human resource managers will be able to deal with the problems faced by the workers. Apart from that, the policies and the innovative initiatives will also be changed as per the nature and preferences of the employees. There are many other responsibilities of human resource department of Chumhum have to perform to keep the employees retained within the company. In the Australian subsidiary, the employees are not satisfied with the HR policies of the company. The plans of employee benefits and employee relations are not encouraging the employees to work in the company. The training modules are also not helping the employees in encouraging motivation among themselves. The training modules should be formulated according to the feedback provided by the employees (Choo 2013). Apart from that, the HR managers must focus on the employee retention plans to attract the employees for staying back in the company. They have to change their employee benefits to keep them motivated in their work field. Both non-monetary and monetary benefits and motivational approaches are introduced in the respective departments of the company (Shields et al. 2015). The team leaders have to understand the mindset of its members and delegate the tasks accordingly. Employee recognition and internal awards are to be introduced for keeping the employees motivated in their field of work. The HR managers have to perform many psychometric tests for the employees to know about the behavior and nature of the workers (Ko Hur 2014). Conclusion The study contains the case study analysis of the Chumhum Australia. The company is facing serious issues in terms of employee retention and employee benefits, and other policies of human resource department. The problems are discussed in a detailed manner in the study. Apart from that, theoretical models of various aspects of human resources are explained with respect to the problems faced by Chumhum in the Australian subsidiary. The employees are irritated with all the initiatives of Chumhum for employee motivation. Solutions or recommendations are also provided to the human resource department and strategic management department to solve the major issues of employee retention. References Ahammad, M.F., Tarba, S.Y., Liu, Y. Glaister, K.W., 2016. Knowledge transfer and cross-border acquisition performance: The impact of cultural distance and employee retention.International Business Review,25(1), pp.66-75. Alvesson, M., 2012.Understanding organizational culture. Sage. Bode, C., Singh, J. Rogan, M., 2015. Corporate social initiatives and employee retention.Organization Science,26(6), pp.1702-1720. Choo, C.W., 2013. Information culture and organizational effectiveness.International Journal of Information Management,33(5), pp.775-779. Dau-Schmidt, K.G., Finkin, M. Covington, R., 2016.Legal protection for the individual employee. West Academic. Gimenez-Espin, J.A., Jimnez-Jimnez, D. Martnez-Costa, M., 2013. Organizational culture for total quality management.Total Quality Management Business Excellence,24(5-6), pp.678-692. Herzberg, F.S., 2013. Universal algebra for general aggregation theory: Many-valued propositional-attitude aggregators as MV-homomorphisms.Journal of Logic and Computation, p.9. Ko, J. Hur, S., 2014. The impacts of employee benefits, procedural justice, and managerial trustworthiness on work attitudes: Integrated understanding based on social exchange theory.Public Administration Review,74(2), pp.176-187. Malik, M.E. Naeem, B., 2013. Towards understanding controversy on Herzberg theory of motivation.World Applied Sciences Journal,24(8), pp.1031-1036. OReilly, C.A., Caldwell, D.F., Chatman, J.A. Doerr, B., 2014. The Promise and Problems of Organizational Culture CEO Personality, Culture, and Firm Performance.Group Organization Management,39(6), pp.595-625. Shields, J., Brown, M., Kaine, S., Dolle-Samuel, C., North-Samardzic, A., McLean, P., Johns, R., Robinson, J., O'Leary, P. Plimmer, G., 2015.Managing Employee Performance Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge University Press. Tangthong, S., Trimetsoontorn, J. Rojniruntikul, N., 2014. HRM Practices and Employee Retention in Thailand--A Literature Review.International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance,5(2), p.162.

Ethical Decision Leadership

Question: What do you feel are the strengths and weaknesses of each managers approach to management? How will you tailor your approach to each manager based on your knowledge of each of them? What do you feel will be the challenges faced by each manager in formulating and implementing a policy within a relatively short time line? How do you need to advise each manager to ensure that they formulate and implement the policy? Answer: The objective of the assignment is to discuss and explain various concepts of leadership and managerial roles, responsibilities, and accountabilities and the impact to the organization. The assignment is all about the leadership and ethical decision making. Leadership: Leadership is a motivation process of the members of a group. A group is made by different members. Among the members of the group, of a person motivates the members and organizes the activities in the group, then it is known as leadership and the person is known as leader. The rest of the members follow the instructions given by the leader. The work of leader is to lead the members of the team. If a team is working on a particular project, then it is the responsibility of the leader to collect all the data and information regarding the project and to arrange all the activities of the project. Management: The work of manager is to manage all the team members. All the team members work under the manager. The responsibility of the manager is handle all the team members and to make plans for the better outcomes of the project. The work of the manager is to arrange all the required things for the team members. A manager decides task for the every member of the team. The strategy for the project is made only by manager. Manager collects all the data required for the project and delivers the tasks to each and every member of the team. It is his responsibility to study the project before starting the work on it. Manager manages the accountability of the project. Manager is the only responsible person for the accountability of the project. Approaches to be applied in leadership and management: There are two types of thinking Proactive and Reactive. A proactive leader is more focused on achieving the results of the business. They think to get the better outcomes of the project. They arrange all the data required for the project properly and make proper plans. They do all the arrangement and collect all the required points. A reactive leader is focused on the problems done by him and to sort out the problems. Reactive leader doesnt think about the better outcomes of the project. He just focuses about the previous problems and the solutions of the project. A manager should have proactive thinking. He should be focused on the better outcomes of the business. He should be a quick problem solver. He should be critical problem solver, innovative and creative. At the time of crisis, he should solve all the critical problems of the project. Various questions with their answers are given below: What do you feel are the strengths and weaknesses of each managers approach to management? The strength of the manager is proactive thinking. A proactive leader is more focused on achieving the results of the business. They think to get the better outcomes of the project. They arrange all the data required for the project properly and make proper plans. They do all the arrangement and collect all the required points. Sharon has been working as HR manager for 17 years with UWEAR. As per the discussion with Sharon, plan should be made quickly. To get real feel for people and situations, there should be an intuitive management style. To complete the work with better outcomes, there should be a proper plan for the project. Huge project plans should not be prepared, because long implementation timelines are made for that. Short term planning should be done for the current project. Long term planning leads to delay in the accomplishment of the project. It leads to wasting of time and losing of momentum. These are some weaknesses of the managers approach to management. How will you tailor your approach to each manager based on your knowledge of each of them? My approach will be of proactive thinker. A proactive leader is more focused on achieving the results of the business. They think to get the better outcomes of the project. They arrange all the data required for the project properly and make proper plans. They do all the arrangement and collect all the required points. There should be long term planning because it takes time for implementation and time is wasted by it. Short term planning should be done for the current project. Short term planning would be very effective and efficient and it will lead to better outcomes for the project. What do you feel will be the challenges faced by each manager in formulating and implementing a policy within a relatively short time line? In a short time line, it is difficult for a manager to formulate and implement a policy. There will be planning problem for the manager because time line is short. If a strategy has been prepared by the manager, then there will be problems in the implementation. The strategy should be able to understand easily. The theoretical study of the project is easy but when it is implemented, then it leads to major difficulties. Marcia has been working as HR manager at PALEDENIM for 3 years. According to Marcia, sometimes it is necessary to request additional resources to meet time lines if plans dont go off as scheduled. The problems occur in additional resources. The goal of Marcia is to bring projects in on time and at or below budget. Due to short time line, it is very difficult to bring projects in on time. It is very difficult to bring projects at below budget in short time line. How do you need to advise each manager to ensure that they formulate and implement the policy? To ensure the formulation and implementation of the policy, various tasks should be done before. A meeting should be conducted with the leadership and human resource teams. Important roles will be played by them in merging. The changes will be driven by the leadership team. Some significant change issues occur in it. These issues should be addressed. As per the requirements, two companies are to be merged. There are 100 employees in UWEAR and PALEDENIM is private company. It has only 15 employees. Same type of service is provided by them. In the terns of business, they are completely different. The philosophies and expectations are totally different for each employee of the organization. So, for the merging, proper synchronization is needed between two companies. When these problems will be sorted out, then manager can be advised for the formulation and implementation of the policies. References: Carlyle Thomas(1841).On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic History. Boston : Houghton Mifflin. Fiedler Fred E.(1967).A theory of leadership effectiveness. McGraw-Hill: Harper and Row Publishers Inc. Heifetz Ronald(1994).Leadership without Easy Answers. Cambridge : Harvard University Press. Tittemore James A. (2003).Leadership at all Levels. Canada: Boskwa Publishing. Vroom, Victor, H. Jago, Arthur, G. (1988).The New Leadership: Managing Participation in Organizations. Kleiman, Lawrence S. (2010).Management and Executive Development. Kotter, John P. Dan S. Cohen. (2002).The Heart of Change. Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing. Arvey, R. D.; Rotundo, M.; Johnson, W.; Zhang, Z.; McGue, M. (2006). The determinants of leadership role occupancy: Genetic and personality factors. Howell, Jon P. (2012).Snapshots of Great Leadership. London, GBR: Taylor and Francis. Bono, J. E.; Ilies, R. (2006). Charisma, positive emotions and mood contagion.

Child and youth care counselor

Marketing Essays - Marketing, Business, Free Essays, Term Papers

Marketing Essays - Marketing, Business, Free Essays, Term Papers Marketing * Evaluate her strategy planning for her new business. >From her love to stay in Petosky; she started the carpet cleaning service by her saving money, and based on her experience when she worked part-time for Joel Bullard. Mr. Bullard has a very successful business at this small town, dominates this carpet cleaning service, and so far no one able to compete to him in quality, strong relationship with many loyalty clients. Jane Galloway try so hard in advertising, taking care of her customer?s work but she still unable to reach her goal, $60,000/year. * Why was not she able to reach her goal of $60,000/year? The most important problem of Jane is she did not do any marketing research in potential need of customers, she tries to sell the service she has rather the customer need. First, she should do marketing to know this business saturated at this town or not?. It seems to me that this small town just needs some extra works in the peak seasons as summers and winters. Second, she should study to know her competitions and what she should do to compete with them in quality, prices, customer?s relationship?. Third, from lack of marketing the potential need of customer; she set her goal is too high and spends too much energy to reach her target. * What should she do now? Explain. I think she can have two choices: - First, if she wants to stay in Petosky; she should set her goal more reasonable. She can maintain her good work as quality and advertising; but she should have a more competing price with Mr. Bullard, builds up a strong relationship with customers. She will have a larger share with Mr. Bullard, and able to compete with him in the future. - Second, she should do marketing study at another town for these matters: Potential need of customer, price, service and quality of current competitions. She will carefully check her ability to compete with them; then based on those conclusions, she will choose a right place to move her business, and have a successful business.

LAW OF BANKING AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS BENCHMARK ASSIGNMENT #4

LAW OF BANKING AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS BENCHMARK #4 - Assignment Example As such, the nature of their duties requires that they possess certain characteristics or attributes. Largely, the agents are required to portray attributes of independence, persuasion, problem-solving skills, and interpersonal skills. With regard to independence attribute, the real estate agents are expected to engage and manage their own schedules and times in ensuring that they hustle to get word out on the specific properties that they are promoting, as well as ensuring that they find the exact information that is required by their clients. By being persuasive, the agents, based on their skills should be able to convince clients to either buy or sell properties through them at the appropriate prices, so as to gain profit out of the dealings. Subsequently, they are expected to use persuasion to get the bets deals and to successfully close the deals. By possessing interpersonal skills, the real estate agents are anticipated to labor with their clients and customers on a face-to-face basis and at all times, they are required to portray proper manners and the level of handling of clients should be highly rated. This skill also goes hand in hand with the listening skills in which the agents are to apply towards the attainment of effective communication with the clients pleasantly and effectively. The problem-solving skills are meant to enable the agents to quickly and promptly find solutions to matters that might arise in their dealings with the clients at various times and levels. This skill also enables the real estate agent to act as a moderator and mediator between the buyers and sellers of the various real estate properties that are sanctioned under their guidance. In other contexts, real estate agents are required to possess attributes such as honesty and integrity, being self-motivated and having a desire to

How much has US succeeded in building democracy in the world since Term Paper

How much has US succeeded in building democracy in the world since world war 2 - Term Paper Example The Cold War, with its potential threat of nuclear conflict, was a very big threat to democracy in the world, and the United States, in the presidency of John F. Kennedy kept the world from a third major war. In this period, America played the role of peacemaker, and counter-balance to Soviet power. The difference between Communism and Capitalism expressed itself both economically and politically, and it took many years for Communism to fall, and the forces of democratic capitalism to take over. In this phase, too, America promoted democracy and proved in the end to be successful. Although America failed to establish military dominance in the Cold War, during this time from the 1950s to the 1980s America supported the creation of world agencies like NATO, the United Nations (UN), the World Trade Organization, the World Bank and the International Monetary fund (IMF). These non-state entities represent crucial attempts to spread a Western style democracy across the world. In her article about global democracy, A.M. Slaughter notes that â€Å"Power is certainly military. It is certainly economic.† (Slaughter, 2000, p. 225) and makes the point that it is in America’s own interest to promote systems and organizations which operate along American style lines. Through these agencies the United States promoted democracy and pursued its own interests at the same time. This joint objective is in fact the reason why the United States has in the end only partially been successful in building democracy across the world. Some of the military interventions that have happened seem to focus more on the United States’ desire to advance its own agenda, such as resisting communism in Korea, or fighting Islamic terrorists in Afghanistan. The line between stopping human rights atrocities, as in Kosovo, and implementing regime change as in Iraq

Lap report Lab Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Lap - Lab Report Example Apart from playing an important role in the maintenance of homeostasis in a constantly regenerating population of cells, such as the colonic epithelium, apoptosis also functions to destroy cells with DNA damage and prevent neoplasia. Inhibitor of apoptosis or IAP proteins are a class of anti-apoptotic regulator proteins which are characterized by the presence of baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) domains. IAPs inhibit the activation caspases which are the key effector proteases of apoptosis, by directly binding to them through the BIR domains. Extensive evidence exists to show the involvement of the IAP family of proteins in oncogenesis, via their efficient suppression of apoptosis (Hunter et al., 2007). Survivin is a novel member of the IAP family of proteins with a potential dual role in apoptosis inhibition and regulation of mitosis. Survivin inhibits apoptosis by interfering with the function of caspase-3, caspase-7 and caspase-9 (Shin et al., 2001; Dohi et al., 2004). In addition to a poptosis inhibition, survivin is implicated in the regulation of the mitotic spindle checkpoint and the promotion of angiogenesis, and chemoresistance (Altieri, 2003; Mita et al., 2008). Several mitotic kinases, including the three Aurora kinases, Aurora-A, -B and –C kinases regulate the progression of the cell through mitosis. Lens et al. (2006) have provided evidence to show that survivin acts as a mitotic regulator. It functions as a subunit of the chromosomal passenger complex, which is essential for proper chromosome segregation and cytokinesis. In this complex, Aurora B acts as the enzymatic core, while survivin dictates chromosomal passenger complex localization. Survivin is uniquely placed at the border of both the cell-death machinery and mechanisms of cell cycle progression and microtubule stability (Dan et al., 2004). Survivin is a highly conserved 16.5Â  kDa protein with 142 amino acids. X-ray crystallography has revealed the protein to be an unusual bow tie-shap ed dimer with two ?-helical extensions (Chantalat et al., 2000). It interacts with the microtubules through the ?-helical extension at the carboxyl terminal. Expressed in the G2/M phase (Li et al., 1998), survivin is up-regulated in almost all cancers, including colon cancer, but has low or no expression in most normal, differentiated adult tissues (Duffy et al., 2007). Expression of survivin in cancer cells has been shown to promote tumorigenesis (Li, 2005), cancer progression, poor prognosis, shortened patient survival and resistance to chemo- and radiation therapies (Li and Ling, 2006). A number of signaling molecules, transcription factors and other ligands modulate survivin expression and/or function in cancer cells through transcriptional and/or posttranscriptional mechanisms (Zhang et al., 2006). Of these, regulation of its gene transcription is an important mechanism for the modulation of survivin expression. Sp1, a transcription factor is reported to be involved in the tran scriptional activation of survivin (Li and Altieri, 1999). According to Kim et al. (2003), an aberrant TCF/? catenin might cause the stimulation of survivin expression leading to enhanced cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis, thereby promoting the molecular pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Zhang et al. (2000) demonstrated that APC mutation causes

Spectrophotometry Techniques and Devices

Spectrophotometry Techniques and Devices I. INTRODUCTION Spectrophotometry Infrared Spectrophotometry is designed to identify or determine the sample by measuring absorption of infrared radiation of wave numbers in a region of 4,000 to 400 cm-1, at various wave numbers, when it passes through the sample. This method uses the property that the infrared absorption spectrum of a substance is Characteristic of its chemical structure. Infrared spectra are shown in charts drawn by plotting the wave numbers on the abscissa and the transmittances or absorbances on the ordinate. i. Spectrophotometer Spectrophotometry involves the use of a spectrophotometer. A spectrophotometer is a photometer (a device for measuring light intensity) that can measure intensity as a function of the color (or more specifically the wavelength) of light. Important features of spectrophotometers are spectral bandwidth and linear range of absorption measurement. Perhaps the most common application of spectrophotometers is the measurement of light absorption, but they can be designed to measure diffuse or specular reflectance. The use of spectrophotometers is not limited to studies in physics. They are also commonly used in other scientific fields such as chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology. [2] They are widely used in many industries including printing and forensic examination. ii. Design There are two major classes of devices: single beam and double beam. A double beam spectrophotometer compares the light intensity between two light paths, one path containing a reference sample and the other the test sample. A single beam spectrophotometer measures the relative light intensity of the beam before and after a test sample is inserted. Although comparison measurements from double beam instruments are easier and more stable, single beam instruments can have a larger dynamic range and are optically simpler and more compact. Historically, spectrophotometers use a monochromator containing a diffraction grating to produce the analytical spectrum. There are also spectrophotometers that use arrays of photosensors. Especially for infrared spectrophotometers, there are spectrophotometers that use a Fourier transform technique to acquire the spectral information quicker in a technique called Fourier Transform Infrared The spectrophotometer quantitatively compares the fraction of light that passes through a reference solution and a test solution. Light from the source lamp is passed through a monochromator, which diffracts the light into a rainbow of wavelengths and outputs narrow bandwidths of this diffracted spectrum. Discrete frequencies are transmitted through the test sample. Then the intensity of the transmitted light is measured with a photodiode or other light sensor, and the transmittance value for this wavelength is then compared with the transmission through a reference sample. In short, the sequence of events in a spectrophotometer is as follows: The light source shines into a monochromator. A particular output wavelength is selected and beamed at the sample. The sample absorbs light. Many spectrophotometers must be calibrated by a procedure known as zeroing. The absorbency of a reference substance is set as a baseline value, so the absorbencies of all other substances are recorded relative to the initial zeroed substance. The spectrophotometer then displays% absorbency (the amount of light absorbed relative to the initial substance).[2] II. UV IR SPECTROPHOTOMETRY i. Ultraviolet spectrophotometry The most common spectrophotometers are used in the UV and visible regions of the spectrum and some of these instruments also operate into the near-infrared region as well. Visible region 400-700nm spectrophotometry is used extensively in colorimetry science. Ink manufacturers, printing companies, textiles vendors, and many more, need the data provided through colorimetry. They take readings in the region of every 10-20 nanometers along the visible region, and produce a spectral reflectance curve or a data stream for alternative presentations. These curves can be used to test a new batch of colorant to check if it makes a match to specifications e.g., iso printing standards. Traditional visual region spectrophotometers cannot detect if a colorant or the base material has fluorescence. This can make it difficult to manage color issues if for example one or more of the printing inks is fluorescent. Where a colorant contains fluorescence, a bi-spectral fluorescent spectrophotometer is used. There are two major setups for visual spectrum spectrophotometers, d/8 (spherical) and 0/45. The names are due to the geometry of the light source, observer and interior of the measurement chamber. Scientists use this machine to measure the amount of compounds in a sample. If the compound is more concentrated more light will be absorbed by the sample; within small ranges, the Beer-Lambert law holds and the absorbance between samples vary with concentration linearly. In the case of printing measurements two alternative settings are commonly used- without/with UV filter to control better the effect of UV brighteners within the paper stock. Samples are usually prepared in cuvettes; depending on the region of interest, they may be constructed of glass, plastic, or quartz ii. IR spectrophotometry Spectrophotometers designed for the main infrared region are quite different because of the technical requirements of measurement in that region. One major factor is the type of photosensors that are available for different spectral regions, but infrared measurement is also challenging because virtually everything emits IR light as thermal radiation, especially at wavelengths beyond about 5ÃŽ ¼m. Another complication is that quite a few materials such as glass and plastic absorb infrared light, making it incompatible as an optical medium. Ideal optical materials are salts, which do not absorb strongly. Samples for IR spectrophotometry may be smeared between two discs of potassium bromide or ground with potassium bromide and pressed into a pellet. Where aqueous solutions are to be measured, insoluble silver chloride is used to construct the cell. III. INFRARED Infrared (IR) radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 700nm and 300Â µm, which equates to a frequency range between 1THz and 430THz—a span of more than three orders of magnitude. Its wavelength is longer (and the frequency lower) than that of visible light, but the wavelength is shorter (and the frequency higher) than that of terahertz radiation microwaves. Bright sunlight provides an irradiance of about 1kilowatt per square meter at sea level. Of this energy, 527 watts is infrared light, 445 watts is visible light, and 32 watts is ultraviolet light. The infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum covers the range from roughly 300 GHz (1 mm) to 400 THz (750 nm). It can be divided into three parts: Far-infrared, from 300 GHz (1 mm) to 30 THz (10 ÃŽ ¼m). The lower part of this range may also be called microwaves. This radiation is typically absorbed by so-called rotational modes in gas-phase molecules, by molecular motions in liquids, and by phonons in solids. The water in the Earths atmosphere absorbs so strongly in this range that it renders the atmosphere effectively opaque. However, there are certain wavelength ranges (windows) within the opaque range which allow partial transmission, and can be used for astronomy. The wavelength range from approximately 200 ÃŽ ¼m up to a few mm is often referred to as sub-millimeter in astronomy, reserving far infrared for wavelengths below 200 ÃŽ ¼m. Mid-infrared, from 30 to 120 THz (10 to 2.5 ÃŽ ¼m). Hot objects (black-body radiators) can radiate strongly in this range. It is absorbed by molecular Vibrations, where the different atoms in a molecule vibrate around their equilibrium positions. This range is sometimes called the fingerprint region since the mid-infrared absorption spectrum of a compound is very specific for that compound. Near-infrared, from 120 to 400 THz (2,500 to 750 nm). Physical processes that are relevant for this range are similar to those for visible light.[4] IV. Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy) is the subset of spectroscopy that deals with the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. It covers a range of techniques, the most common being a form of absorption spectroscopy. As with all spectroscopic techniques, it can be used to identify compounds or investigate sample composition. Infrared spectroscopy correlation tables are tabulated in the literature. A common laboratory instrument that uses this technique is an infrared spectrophotometer. i. Background and theory The infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is divided into three regions; the near-, mid- and far- infrared, named for their relation to the visible spectrum. The far-infrared, approximately 400-10cm−1 (1000-30ÃŽ ¼m), lying adjacent to the microwave region, has low energy and may be used for rotational spectroscopy. The mid-infrared, approximately 4000-400cm−1 (30-2.5ÃŽ ¼m) may be used to study the fundamental vibrations and associated rotational-vibrational structure. The higher energy near-IR, approximately 14000-4000cm−1 (2.5-0.8ÃŽ ¼m) can excite overtone or harmonic vibrations. The names and classifications of these subregions are merely conventions. They are neither strict divisions nor based on exact molecular or electromagnetic properties. Infrared spectroscopy exploits the fact that molecules have specific frequencies at which they rotate or vibrate corresponding to discrete energy levels (vibrational modes). These resonant frequencies are determined by the shape of the molecular potential energy surfaces, the masses of the atoms and, by the associated vibronic coupling. In order for a vibrational mode in a molecule to be IR active, it must be associated with changes in the permanent dipole. In particular, in the Born-Oppenheimer and harmonic approximations, i.e. when the molecular Hamiltonian corresponding to the electronic ground state can be approximated by a harmonic oscillator in the neighborhood of the equilibrium molecular geometry, the resonant frequencies are determined by the normal modes corresponding to the molecular electronic ground state potential energy surface. Nevertheless, the resonant frequencies can be in a first approach related to the strength of the bond, and the mass of the atoms at either end of it. Thus, the frequency of the vibrations can be associated with a particular bond type. Simple diatomic molecules have only one bond, which may stretch. More complex molecules have many bonds, and vibrations can be conjugated, leading to infrared absorptions at characteristic frequencies that may be related to chemical groups. For example, the atoms in a CH2 group, commonly found in organic compounds can vibrate in six different ways: symmetrical and antisymmetrical stretching, scissoring, rocking, wagging and twisting: The infrared spectrum of a sample is collected by passing a beam of infrared light through the sample. Examination of the transmitted light reveals how much energy was absorbed at each wavelength. This can be done with a monochromatic beam, which changes in wavelength over time, or by using a Fourier transform instrument to measure all wavelengths at once. From this, a transmittance or absorbance spectrum can be produced, showing at which IR wavelengths the sample absorbs. Analysis of these absorption characteristics reveals details about the molecular structure of the sample. When the frequency of the IR is the same as the vibrational frequency of a bond, absorption occurs. This technique works almost exclusively on samples with covalent bonds. Simple spectra are obtained from samples with few IR active bonds and high levels of purity. More complex molecular structures lead to more absorption bands and more complex spectra. The technique has been used for the characterization of very complex mixtures. ii. Adjustment and Instrument Use a dispersive infrared spectrophotometer or a Fourier-transform infrared spectrophotometer. Before using the infrared spectrophotometer, adjust it as specified in the operating manual. The linearity of the absorbance between 20% and 80% of transmittance (%) should be within 1%. The reproducibility of the transmittance should be within 0.5% in two consecutive measurements. The reproducibility of wave number should be within 5 cm-1 at about 3,000 cm-1 and within 1 cm-1 at About 1,000 cm-1. In addition, adjust the instrument so that a spectrum exhibits absorptions at the wave numbers as indicated in the following figure when measurement is made on a polystyrene film (about 0.03 mm thick).[5] iii. Preparation of Sample According to an appropriate one of the methods below,Prepare the sample so that the transmittance of the most intense absorption bands should be within a range of 20 to 80%. For the optic plate, use sodium chloride, potassium bromide, or thallium iodide bromide. Potassium Bromide Disk Method Place 1 to 2 mg of a solid sample and 100 to 200 mg of dried potassium bromide for infrared spectrophotometry into an Agate mortar, quickly reduce to fine particles protecting from moisture, mix Completely, and transfer into a die. Press the surface of the disk at 500 to 1,000 N/cm2 under reduced pressure of not more than 0.7 kPa for 5 to 8 minutes, and use this disk for the measurement. Solution Method Prepare a solution of the solid or liquid sample in the Specified solvent, inject the solution into a fixed cell for liquid, and use this cell for the measurement. Place the similar cell containing the same solvent for the Compensation beam. The thickness of the fixed cell is generally 0.1 mm or 0.5 mm. Paste Method Crush finely a solid sample and knead well with liquid Paraffin in the mortar. Hold the paste between two optic plates without any air gap, and measure. Liquid Film Method Hold 1 to 2 drops of liquid sample as a capillary film Held between two optic plates, and measure the liquid layer between the plates. If it is necessary to thicken the liquid layer, place rings of aluminum foil or a similar material between the two optic plates so that the liquid sample lies between the plates. Thin Film Method Dissolve the sample in the specified solvent, and apply it to one optic plate. Evaporate the solvent by drying with hot air, and measure the thin film adhered on the plate. If the sample is a film with a thickness of not more than 0.02 mm, measure the film just as it is. Gas Sample Measurement Put the sample gas in a gas cell with a light Path of 5 to 10 cm in length, previously evacuated, under pressure specified in the individual monograph, and measure. A long cell with the light path of not shorter than 1 m is also used if necessary. iv. Conventional method A beam of infrared light is produced and split into two separate beams. One is passed through the sample, the other passed through a reference which is often the substance the sample is dissolved in. The beams are both reflected back towards a detector, however first they pass through a splitter which quickly alternates which of the two beams enters the detector. The two signals are then compared and a printout is obtained. A reference is used for two reasons: This prevents fluctuations in the output of the source affecting the data This allows the effects of the solvent to be cancelled out (the reference is usually a pure form of the solvent the sample is in) v. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a measurement technique for collecting infrared spectra. Instead of recording the amount of energy absorbed when the frequency of the infra-red light is varied (monochromator), the IR light is guided through an interferometer. After passing through the sample, the measured signal is the interferogram. Performing a Fourier transform on this signal data results in a spectrum identical to that from conventional (dispersive) infrared spectroscopy. FTIR spectrometers are cheaper than conventional spectrometers because building an interferometer is easier than the fabrication of a monochromator. In addition, measurement of a single spectrum is faster for the FTIR technique because the information at all frequencies is collected simultaneously. This allows multiple samples to be collected and averaged together resulting in an improvement in sensitivity. Virtually all modern infrared spectrometers are FTIR instruments. Summary of absorptions of bonds in organic molecules vi. Uses and applications Infrared spectroscopy is widely used in both research and industry as a simple and reliable technique for measurement, quality control and dynamic measurement. It is of especial use in forensic analysis in both criminal and civil cases, enabling identification of polymer degradation for example. It is perhaps the most widely used method of applied spectroscopy.[citation needed] The instruments are now small, and can be transported, even for use in field trials. With increasing technology in computer filtering and manipulation of the results, samples in solution can now be measured accurately (water produces a broad absorbance across the range of interest, and thus renders the spectra unreadable without this computer treatment). Some instruments will also automatically tell you what substance is being measured from a store of thousands of reference spectra held in storage. By measuring at a specific frequency over time, changes in the character or quantity of a particular bond can be measured. This is especially useful in measuring the degree of polymerization in polymer manufacture. Modern research instruments can take infrared measurements across the whole range of interest as frequently as 32 times a second. This can be done whilst simultaneous measurements are made using other techniques. This makes the observations of chemical reactions and processes quicker and more accurate. Techniques have been developed to assess the quality of tea-leaves using infrared spectroscopy. This will mean that highly trained experts (also called noses) can be used more sparingly, at a significant cost saving. Infrared spectroscopy has been highly successful for applications in both organic and inorganic chemistry. Infrared spectroscopy has also been successfully utilized in the field of semiconductor microelectronics[8]: for example, infrared spectroscopy can be applied to semiconductors like silicon, gallium arsenide, gallium nitride, zinc selenide, amorphous silicon, silicon nitride, etc. V. USES IN ORGANIC A technique to identify materials including organic polymers. An infrared spectrometer directs infrared radiation through a sample and records the relative amount of energy absorbed by the sample as a function of the wavelength or frequency of the infrared radiation. The method is applicable particularly to organic materials, because the vibrational frequencies of the constituent groups within the molecules coincide with the electromagnetic frequencies of the infrared radiation. Therefore, the infrared radiation is selectively absorbed by the material to produce an absorption spectrum. The spectrum produced is compared with correlation spectra from known substances. VI. SPECTRORADIOMETERS Spectroradiometers, which operate almost like the visible region spectrophotometers, are designed to measure the spectral density of illuminants in order to evaluate and categorize lighting for sales by the manufacturer, or for the customers to confirm the lamp they decided to purchase is within their specifications. Components: The light source shines onto or through the sample. The sample transmits or reflects light. The detector detects how much light was reflected from or transmitted through the sample. The detector then converts how much light the sample transmitted or reflected into a number. CONCLUSION In this topic which is infrared spectrophotometry I have introduced what is spectrophotometry. And it is used in a device called spectrophotometer which is explained in the above thesis. Followed on single beam spectrophotometer is also explained with its design working. Spectrophotometry is generally of two types UV IR spectrophotometry, UV spectrophotometry is explained in short but IR spectrophotometry is explained briefly. The word INFRARED is explained i.e. what it means, infrared region is explained in EM radiation. In EM spectrum there comes a topic infrared spectroscopy which is explained briefly with its background theory. Its preparation of sample followed by conventional method of it. There is other phenomenon called FITR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) is a measurement technique for collecting infrared spectra. FTIR spectrometers are cheaper than conventional spectrometers. Uses application is also explained in the above thesis. At last but not the least its use in organic is explained. The idea of Spectroradiometers is also given, which operate almost like the visible region spectrophotometers. This is end of the conclusion of my thesis infrared spectrophotometry.

Freedom of Choice (oedipus the King) :: essays research papers fc

People have visited physics’ and fortunetellers for centuries to find out what is going to happen in their future, or to help them make an important decision that they faced. This is what King Laius did in the play â€Å"Oedipus the King† by Sophocles. King Laius, Oedipus’s father went to the Oracle at Delphi. Upon receiving the prophecy that his son Oedipus will kill him and marry his mother and commit incest with her, King Laius of his own free will ordered that Oedipus feet be bound by riveting his ankles together and sent him to Mount Cithaeron to perish. â€Å"Laius, king of Thebes, was warned by an oracle that his son would slay him. Accordingly, when his wife, Jocasta bore a son, he exposed the baby on Mt. Cithaeron, first pinning his ankles together (hence the name Oedipus, meaning Swell-Foot)†(1). King Laius exercised his free will when he chose to believe that the prophecy would come true. Had he chosen to disregard the prophecy, then Oedipus would have known who his parents were and would not have murdered King Laius or married Jocasta. If mans future is predestined then it would not matter, but if mans fate lay in his own hands and is determined by the decisions he makes, he would be able to use the prophecies to make better decisions. â€Å"Individuals can respond to a proposition or any encountered fact by instantly thinking of its opposite. Every thesis can produce an antithesis; different logical meanings and patterns can then be discerned. This rational ability of the mind to take alternative perspectives means that an individual can then choose or create a new synthesis from different perspectives†(2). It’s not that he chose to take action to action to prevent such a dastardly act, but the way he chose to deal with the situation that set the stage for it to happen. It could be said that Sophocles was trying to demonstrate that if you choose to believe in predestination, you subconsciously deny yourself the ability of free will. â€Å"Finally, perhaps faith can be seen as a form of fixing our attention upon God and thereby freely committing ourselves. The theologian Nicholas Lash says that the first words of the Creed, "I believe in God," do not express one's considered opinion about God's existence but affirm that all of my life is "set henceforward steadfastly on God, and God alone.

Accrual Accounting in Public Sector Essay

In the present age, accounting seems to be an indispensable tool for modern business activities. However, not only for the profit orientated commercial business, it also plays an important role in the non-profit profit organizations, such as public sectors. Moreover, due to several deficiencies and drawbacks of government accounting and financial-management systems, such as unclear accountability, poorly maintained assets and hided losses and long-term liabilities, reforms in the public sector have been conducted over the last several decades across the word from New Zealand, Australia to England (Ball and et al, 1999). Accounting innovation by implementing accrual accounting in the public sector is one of the major part of the reforms and an important element of the wider concept of the so called New Public Management, and draws much of public concern and debate (Connolly and Hyndman, 2006). Under this background, this essay is going to discuss the implications arising from the process of implementing and actual using of accrual accounting in the public sector in several aspects, and try to put forward some possible solutions. See more:  Perseverance essay Generally, two main accounting methods are use to determine when and how to record income and expenses in the books, namely, cash accounting and accrual accounting. The major difference between these two is the timing of when the transactions are recorded in the account (Tudor and Mutiu, 2006). To be specific, under the cash accounting method, income and payment are not counted until cash is actually received or made; while under the accrual accounting basis, transactions are recorded as soon as they incurred, regardless whether the cash is received or made. Comparing to cash accounting, accruals accounting place more emphasis on how the capital assets used and recorded (Connolly and Hyndman, 2006). More reliable figures of performance based on revenues earned and resources consumed will be achieved through accruals accounting. Owning to this, it is believed that accruals accounting will contribute to better longer-term perspective of governmental policies, resource management and decision making (Ball and et al, 1999); and both internal and external transparency may be enhanced. Moreover, it is also considered that comparability between different government departments will be improved, even between the pre and post privatization (Wynne, 2004 and FEE, 2006). Although several potential advantages are suggested that will be brought by implementing accrual accounting in the public sector, it is still under debate that whether it is really appropriate to use accrual accounting system, which is initially devised for private sector, in the public sector (CESifo, 2007). In the private sector, commonly, accounting tends to be seen as a neutral technology to record past activities and provide financial and other necessary information to operate the business more efficiently and profitable. However, due to the difference in the nature and role of the public sector, this description seems not appropriate. For example, the primary purpose of public sector accounting is not serving to generate more profit but controlling people’s behavior to protect public money (Ellwood and Newberry, 2007), and the ultimate users are electorate instead of stakeholders (CESifo, 2007). Due to the fundamental mismatch of the objects, potential inadaptable problems may emerge during utilization (Carlin, 2005). As for the incurred cost of implementation and operation of an accrual accounting, in the North Ireland (NI) case study conducted by Connolly and Hyndman (2006), almost all the â€Å"overseers† and â€Å"Operational Accountants† believed that the views of cost neutral of the transition process, which came up by the UK HM Treasury, are not conform to the reality. Besides that, another case study based on UK and Republic of Ireland (RoI) , the result also revealed that all the interviewees questioned the value of the changes whether can justify the substantial cost (Connolly and Hyndman, 2010). Usually, the additional introducing cost will occur mainly in four aspects, identifying and valuing existing assets, developing accounting policies, establishing accounting systems (such as computer systems), hiring or providing training for both the preparers and users of financial information; and some of those cost will persist (Wynne, 2004). The amount of the cost is significant, for example, according to the New Zealand Audit Office, there is about NZ$160-180 million expenditure accrued by the financial-management reform during 1987 to 1992 (Ball and et al, 1999). Upon the previous experience and data, special resource should be added to the budget separately to ensure that the normal department services will not be impacted by the implementation of accrual accounting. The actual cost associated with process can also be reckoned more easily by doing this. Through comparing several case studies, the perceptions of usefulness of accruals information and the extent of the information used in reality tend to be very different in different cases. Both of the two researches conducted by Connolly and Hyndman (2006 and 2010), based on UK and RoI, showed that almost all the interviewees agreed that the accrual accounting information was limited used or even not used and helpless for decision making; and several â€Å"Operational Accountant† participants expressed the view that the very complicated process may be one of the leading factors. Nevertheless, the situations seem to be rather dissimilar in Australia and New Zealand, where more comprehensively accrual accounting have been adopted. Especially in New Zealand, a significant decrease, from about 52% of GDP to just above 10%, of net debt could be found after the reforms during 1992 to 2005 (Champoux, 2006). The differences of performance of implementation of accrual accounting may attribute to three main reasons, the extent of the whole reform involved, insufficient implementing time and relevant people lack of professional knowledge. One of the possible reasons for the success of New Zealand is that New Zealand was the first country which had completely implemented accrual accounting system at both national and agency level (Carlin, 2005). According to Lye and et al (2005), the reform process in New Zealand not only occurred in economic level, but also extended to a much broader aspects, such as simplifying the machinery of government and changing industrial relations. In contrast, the extent of reform in the other countries which were also implementing accrual based accounting system, like the UK and the USA, is in a rather surface degree. Furthermore, the politicians who were responsible for the reforms in those two countries were right- wing, and may always hold conservative attitude to the reforms (Lye and et al, 2005). However, a thorough reform could generate many benefits and potential advantages. Turning to the issue of implementing time, â€Å"Overseers† participants in the research of Connolly and Hyndman (2006) also typically emphasized that the ineffectiveness of utilization could be a result of being the early stages of the development, and some â€Å"Operational Accountant† also showed positive attitude to the future through time increasing. The process of implementing accrual accounting in the public sector takes far more than 1 or 2 years until the whole system working effectively and efficiently. According to previous experience, the process of fully implementing the new accounting system and necessary reforms will take about 8 to 10 years; and it may be take even longer in the UK case (Wynne, 2004). Upon this, it can be found that the process may take a relatively longer time than people used to expect before the benefit being realized. One other reason is that relevant staffs and managers are unqualified because of lack of professional accounting knowledge. It is commonly accepted that better insight information, such as more complete financial performance and position, which could reveal the features of operation of public sector may be provided by accrual accounting. However, those characteristics make the statements more difficult to understand, especially for people with inadequate accounting knowledge. Comparing to cash accounting, the information provided by cash accounting seems more easily to understand and more straightforward for the general public (CESifo, 2007 and FEE, 2006). Moreover, in Connolly and Hyndman’ s research (2006), both â€Å"Overseer† and â€Å"Operational Accountant† participants particularly complained that, mostly, their efforts, spending extra time to process the complex information, are useless, because the potential users are lack of relevant accounting skills. Several participates also believed that the majority of senior managers are not equipped with necessary accounting knowledge and do not have a strong desire to learn and adopt the new accounting system. Besides that, in another Connolly and Hyndman’s research (2010), according to reflection of politicians to the new accounting information, the interviewees believed that not only the senior managers, but also the politicians, who are essentially responsible for decision-making, had inadequate accounting knowledge and superficial level of understanding of accrual accounting system. However, if politicians do not have certain level of accounting knowledge, they will not be able to evaluate and act upon accrual statements (FEE, 2006). The following is a case in point. Wynne (2004, p10) states that â€Å"only 20% of ministries had a director of finance who was a professionally qualified accountant and not all these were members of the ministry’s management board† in the UK central government. In order to ensure implementation of accrual accounting more smoothly, several approaches could be taken to achieve that. Firstly, one of the most effective ways is providing more accessible accrual information for the public, for instance, summarizing the important information and presenting it without using specialized vocabulary. Secondly, it is vital to provide more training programmes, which teach practically useful accrual accounting knowledge, for both the staffs and managers. Finally, based on the New Zealand experience, it was found that a strong communication with politicians is an indispensable part in the implementation process. The politicians need to realize the potential value of which the accrual based accounting system can bring. Thus, practical strategies, such as illustrating the core concept and benefit of accrual accounting and providing key figures, which can show the features of accrual information, will be needed. (FEE, 2006) In conclusion, through analyzing and comparing several case studies of implementation of accrual accounting, it can be found that a significant number of countries had already started to implement accrual accounting and use accrual information in practice, and the number is still increasing. However, only minority of them realized the substantial benefits from the new accounting system. The reasons for this status can be vary, such as Insufficient implementing time and relevant people lack of professional knowledge mentioned above. Several possible solutions can be used to tackle those problems, but it can be more complicate in the real case; and some gaps still exist in understanding of the implications of use of accrual accounting in the public sector (Carlin, 2005). For this reason, further research based on each countries own circumstances is still needed. Moreover, it is also quite certain that for many countries there are still a number of barriers to be overcome before accrual accounting can be utilized to its full potential. List of references Ball, I. and et al. (1999). â€Å"Reforming Financial Management in the Public Sector: Lessons U.S. Officials Can Learn from New Zealand.† Policy Study No. 258. Reason Public Policy Institute. Carlin, T, M. (2005), â€Å"Debating the Impact of Accrual Accounting and Reporting in the Public Sector†, Financial Accountability & Management, 21(3) Center for Economic Studies., the Ifo Institute. and the CESifo GmbH (CESifo). (2007). â€Å"Accrual Accounting in The Public Sector†, CESifo DICE Report, 5 (3), pp. 43-45 Connolly, C. and Hyndman, N. (2006), â€Å"The actual implementation of accruals accounting: Caveats from a case within the UK public sector†, Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, [e-journal] 19 (2), pp. 272 – 290. Available at < http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09513570610656123> [Accessed 1 December 2012] Connolly, C. and Hyndman, N. (2010), â€Å"Accruals accounting in the public sector: A road not always taken†, Management Accou nting Research, 22 (1), pp. 36–45 Ellwood, S. and Newberry, S. (2007), â€Å"Public sector accrual accounting: institutionalising neo-liberal principles ? †. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, [e-journal] 20(4), pp. 549 – 573. Available at < http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09513570710762584> [Accessed 1 December 2012] Federation des Experts des Comtables Europeens (FEE). (2006), â€Å"Accrual Accounting for More Effective Public Policy†, paper of the FEE Public Sector Committee. Lye, J., Perera, H. and Rahman, A. (2005), â€Å"The evolution of accruals-based Crown (government) financial statements in New Zealand†, Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, [e-journal] 18(6), pp. 784-815. Available at < http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09513570510627711> [Accessed 1 December 2012] Tiron-Todor, A. and Mutiu, A. (2005), â€Å"Cash versus Accrual Accounting in Public Sector†, Studia Universitatis Babes Bolyai Oeconomica 1990, available at [A ccessed 1 December 2012] Wynne, A. (2004), â€Å"Is the Move to Accrual Based Accounting a Real Priority for Public Sector Accounting†, Public Fund Digest, [e-journal] 6(1) . Available at [Accessed 1 December 2012]

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Conflicting Perspectives in Literature and Film Essays Conflicting Perspectives in Literature and Film Essay Conflicting Perspectives in Literature and Film Essay Essay Topic: The Sound and the Fury Perspectives are subjective judgements on events, situations, and personalities that are informed by an amalgamation of an individual’s personal biases, motivations, and understandings. Conflict is therefore inevitable, following the relative nature of perspectives. As texts are inexorably linked to the perspectives of composers, they can be explored as representations of such idiosyncratic judgements. However, the composer’s ability to manipulate textual elements, respective of their medium, allows them to represent certain events, situations, or personalities selectively and thereby exploit the assumed veracity of any perspective. The malleable nature of perspectives and representations in texts can be explored through Ted Hughes’s 1984 poetic anthology Birthday Letters, Michael Moore’s 2004 documentary Fahrenheit 9/11, and Bernhard Schlink’s 1995 parable The Reader. Conflict arises from the inevitably biased representations within texts which composers can use to advocate a particular perspective. In ‘The Minotaur’, the lexical chain surrounding â€Å"smashed†, â€Å"hammer†, and â€Å"demented† create an atmosphere of violence which characterises Plath’s volatility, continuing the allusion of her â€Å"fury† as a â€Å"high velocity bullet† in ‘The Shot.’ Hughes evokes pathos through the sentimentality attached to his mother’s symbolic â€Å"heirloom sideboard†, effectively presenting himself as a victim of Plath’s volatility to oppose opinions of his detrimental effect on what he describes as the â€Å"goblin† that is Plath’s mentality; â€Å"So what had I given him?† His iniquitous portrayal of Plath is emphasised by the bathos as she was â€Å"demented by my being/twenty minutes late for baby-minding.† The subtle omission of her voice denies conflicting perspectives to oppose his despicable representation of her and allows him to continue it through the assonance of the ‘e’ sound in â€Å"left your mother a de

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The Black and the Blues - Research Paper Example † which depicts the distinct difference between their personality and insights can be considered as the focal points of the story. Truly in the trajectory of life, people are pushed and weathered with numerous battles either economically, personally, socially, or conflicts within the family. Through these most who prefer to stay on the safe side, surrender and be submissive to what is dictated by the society as they deem that this is a more practical and rational path to take. For the other free spirits, they opt to follow their dreams no matter how surreal the idea may seem yet for them it is something worth believing and following. Baldwin’s story though written in 1957 depicted a crucial message on bitter realities within the society which strongly affected him and the black community of his time and still somewhat remained unchanged in some parts of the world today. The story focused on the narration of an algebra teacher in Harlem who struggled to earn and maintain a middle class status and keep his wife and kids on a safe part of the society; and his antonym relationship with his brother Sonny, a man who elected to navigate the road less traveled and pursued to become a jazz pianist though ended up behind bars from possession and addiction to heroin. Trimmer and Urbana (p.165) discussed that the differences between the brothers represent the division within the black community where the narrator represents the middle class men who strives to live the American dream and aspires for an improved standard of living in the United States; while the other group, as represented by Sonny, are those who just accept the fact that they will forever be locked up from the privileges the white people savor. Take note that the setting happened on a post war as the narrator cited his military service to the US government. It is an era where people, particularly the blacks, are rallying for equality and their war against racism. The narrator tried to understan d his brother and struggled to reach out to find answers to his questions though remained blindly to accept the truthful answers. The story reminds us on the importance of listening and true understanding in every form of relationship and in using these rather than coercion or rigid authority. There was a scene in the story, after their mother’s funeral, when they discussed the future of the teenage Sonny. There was tension between the brothers as Sonny declared that he wants to be a jazz musician while the older brother sees that dream to be irrational. This scene together with the one when he offers his wife Isabel’s place to be Sonny’s home manifests the narrator’s sense of responsibility to his younger brother’s welfare. Throughout the story, issues on racism and inequality were strongly reflected. During his time there was strong discrimination for the black people in the racist America. On strong reflection of Baldwin’s personal strugg le is the part of the story where the narrator recollects the death of their uncle who was driven over by a group of drunken white Americans and recklessly left the carcass on the street. Depression from racism was not confined to the character’s family but it extends to the entire black community during that time (Reilly 56). Baldwin succeeded in

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Sexual orientation discrimination - Research Paper Example A lot has been done to curb this. Since the employers are the primary stakeholder, they have been encouraged to consider policies and procedures that respect the sensitivity and respect of every individual sexual orientation. Besides, the government has enacted laws to protect the workers in this context. It is paramount to understand that people of all sexual orientations should experience a welcome and be safe in the places where they work and enjoy a dignity treatment. Sexual orientation discrimination refers to, how employers treat employees unfavorably or harass them on the basis whether they are gay, lesbian bisexual or heterosexual (Joslin, 2004). Since any discrimination is discouraged at the workplace, this is not an exception. It is undesirable. Therefore, the government has tried to pass laws to discourage this type of discrimination. Unfortunately, the attempts to come up with straight laws to protect these individuals have been unsuccessful in the federal government although there are more bills being prepared (Badgett, Lau, Sears, & Ho, 2007). Despite this, the law does not encourage discrimination based. There is an Act that protects individuals from this type of discrimination. It is enshrined in the title VII of the civil rights act of 1963. This law prohibits workplace discrimination that is based on among other factors, sex of the individual. This includes the sex orientation of an individual. These laws aim to bring relief against discrimination in accommodation to public and private institutions (Malos, 2007). They persuade the employers to employ to promote equal employment opportunities in the workplace. On company practices, this law restricts the employers from, first failing or refusing to engage any individual on the basis of the sexual orientation (Badgett et al., 2007). This means that any qualified person whether male or female has equal chances to enter into

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Discusses Confucius contributions Essay Example for Free

Discusses Confucius contributions Essay Confucius life was of tremendous importance in the forming of Chinese culture. Confucius plan and simple approach to life, revealed his deep seeded beliefs that through great human effort one can shape their own future. He had great faith in the ordinary man and believed that they are teachable and perfectible. Confucius believed that ordinary humans could be come awe-inspiring with wisdom and great knowledge. The quest to improve ones self became deeply rooted in the Confucian heritage. Confucius concept of moral rectitude was considered part of the pursuit to becoming the perfected person. Confucius was devoted to learning and teaching. His teaching emphasized self-improvement and moral rectitude. When his words for the sake of the self are explored it becomes clear Confucius was constant in his belief of self-improvement through out his life and his work. Confucius was a philosopher, teacher and political figure that lived from (551-479 BC) in the state of Lu, now know as the Shandong province. He was a member of the minor aristocracy and bureaucratic class during that time. By the time of his birth, his family had apparently become poverty-stricken. He was known for his conservation of the traditions of ritual and music of the Chou civilization. At an early age, it was apparent that Confucius was dedicated to learning. Confucius father died when he was three years old and this probably had a huge impact on his familys class. The lose of his father and his family being poverty-stricken must have been key factors that set him upon his ambitious journey to improve human kind, governments and society. His mother was his first teacher and he developed an emphatic quest for knowledge. It was a common practice for aristocratic families to hire tutors to educate their sons, but Confucius was one of the first persons to devote himself totally to learning and teaching for the sole purpose of transforming and improving society. Confucius was also a dedicated government servant. He served in government posts where he managed stables and kept books. At the age of nineteen Confucius married a woman of similar background. Confucius early influences are all contributing factors that made him a young and wise  scholar during his time. Confucius concept of moral rectitude was evident because he wanted to make education available to all men. He believed everyone could benefit from learning and self-cultivation. Confucius established a humanities program for leaders, paved the way for education to all and redefined learning as not only the acquisition of knowledge, but also as a character builder. Confucius primary role of education was to provide the proper way of training noblemen. This education would consist of continuous self-improvement and frequent social interaction. To personally achieve the goal for the sake of the self, Confucius mastered six arts: ritual, music, archer, charioteering, calligraphy and arithmetic. The art that became most important was that of ritual. Confucius was actively involved with the government. It was his desire to have a rebirth of the ideas and institution of a past golden age. Confucius hoped to integrate the ritual of those times into the government and family life. He believed this could only happen with ideal rulers such as the legendary sage-kings Yao and Shun. Confucius believed that the ethic of an ideal ruler would translate to a moral state. The ideal ruler would cultivate virtues of benevolence toward others, a general sense of doing what is right, loyalty and diligence in serving ones superiors. The moral rectitude according to Confucius could also be taught and handed down by performing rituals. Ritual acted as guidelines for people to follow in any given social situations. Ritual could vary considerably depending on age, social status and gender. Confucius contributed to some specific rituals and values but also the importance of the past and hierarchy of the social classes. Rituals be came the way to act. Most East Asian societies continue to be influenced by Confucius teachings, valuing the community, the family, and other social relationships over individuality and uniqueness. The Confucius influence encourages support of education and learning from books and from the past, refinement of social rituals to smooth the relationships of people in a community. The western  culture has vastly deviated from Confucius teaching. Each day the western culture ignores more rituals and become more self-absorbed. A glance at todays headlines or reality TV makes this obvious. Today there are still some existing rituals and moral behavior, but the boundaries blur with each generation. What Confucius provided was a definition of ethics and morally characterized by personal actions and rituals. A simple way to understand Confucius thoughts is to gain an appreciation of the varying levels of honesty. Over time, they developed into the following form: *Li ritual. Propriety or politeness, Etiquette. This concept originally meant to sacrifice. The term later expanded to secular ceremonial behaviors and then even more diffuse mean, that of propriety or politeness. This expanded the term to everyday life situations. Confucius was revered as the authority on ritual behavior. *Ziao or Hsiao filial piety. Respect and obedience. The was considered to be the greatest virtue and was shown towards the living and dead. The term filial means of a son and therefore denotes that a son should have respect and obedience to his parents. This term was expanded to other relationships such as ruler and subject, husband and wife, elder brother and younger brother, and that between friends. The duties and ritual where prescribed for each of these relationships. Eventually this term was integrated into the Chinese legal system. An example of this would be that a child would be punished more harshly if the crime were against a parent. *Zhong or Chung loyalty. This term is equivalent to filial piety, but on a different level. This term apply predominantly to the social classes of ruler and minister. In a case of Zhong, a minister should obey the ruler because he has the higher (anointed by god) authority and therefore that maked it the right thing to do. *Ren or Jen humanness. The relates to the Golden Rule This term is best described by Confucius version of the Golden Rule, Do not do to other what  you would not like them to do to you. *Junzi or Chun-Tzu the gentleman. The ideal towards which all strive. This term mean son of a ruler. This term implies that a gentleman are always expected to act as moral guides to the rest of society. Gentlemen are those who cultivate themselves morally and who personify the other characteristics of honestly. Confucius is exclamatory of this concept Confucius was a man of great vision. The politics of his time did not allow his philosophy to flourish, but he did provide an awakening to human king. He was perceived then and now as a heroic conscience. Confucius teaching remains enormously influence today, but unfortunately, they are not always taken to heart or practiced. Todays politicians could learn much from his teaching. One of Confuciuss principal legacies, the notion of the enlightened civil servant, is not a prevalent as it should be in the modern word. Humankind moves forward, but sometimes we forget to bring the greatness of our history with us.